Strap on your crash helmet, as PP takes us on a whirlwind tour of the world's most user friendly (natch) operating system
This file will tell you most of what you need to do to get on, and navigate around a unix system.
First off, you should have a few essential pieces of software:
• Better Telnet - A telnet application.
• Blacknight - A terminal dialer (this lets you dial into other systems)
• As many text files as you can
[Take a look at the links page towards the back for some useful starting points - Ed]
If you can get a hold of the following files, I strongly recommend you read them:
UNIX
Hacking Unix
Basic Unix
Hacking
• All of the regular newbie guides
• The 2600 Hack Faq.
• Hackers Handbook
• The LOD's 'A novice's guide to hacking' text
• Every issue of HackAddict
• Phrack magazine (there are currently 53 issues, so sift through them to find the relevant information)
Contents
1 - Connecting to the other system
2 - Unix Commands
3 - Default Unix logins
4 - Getting the Passwords
5 - Sending anonymous email
Chapter 1 - Connecting to the other system
In this chapter we will use Telnet and Black Night
Connecting is simple - go to the file menu and choose 'Open connection...' First up, try your isp's domain name (ie Maclink.net is the maclink address). If it connects you (a window will open), it will give you a login prompt like this (at least it will if it's Unix):
login:
Type the login that you use to connect to your ISP
password:
And type your ISP password. If it lets you on, it will then give you a whole bunch of crap welcoming you, then it might tell you that you have mail, and finally it will give you the prompt $:
you have mail
$
the $ is your commands prompt. If that all happened as it should have, you are now free to play on a unix system. On your isp's system, you are free to do what you like...this is where you learn...
Chapter 2 - Unix Commands
Have fun with these...
I took most of them out of other files cuz i'm too lazy to type my own
Command Description
awk Search for a pattern within a file. Includes
a built-in programming language.
bdiff Compares two large files.
bfs Scans a large file.
cal Displays a calendar.
cat Concatenates and prints files.
cc C compiler.
cd Change directory.
chgrp Changes a file's group ownership.
chmod Changes a file's access permissions.
chown Changes the individual ownership of a file.
cmp Compares two files; diplays the location (line
and byte) of the 1st difference between these.
comm Compares two files so as to determine which
lines are common to both.
cp Copies a file to another location.
cu Calls another UNIX system.
date Returns the date and time.
df Displays free space in the file system.
diff Displays the differences between two files
or directories.
diff3 Displays the differences between three files
or directories.
du Reports on file system usage.
echo Displays its argument.
ed Text editor.
ex Text editor.
expr Evaluates its argument which is generally
a mathematical formula.
f77 FORTRAN compiler.
find Locates the files w/ specified characteristics.
format Initializes a floppy disk.
grep Searches for a pattern within a file. (see awk)
help Salvation.
kill Ends a process.
ln Used to link files.
lpr Copies the file to the line printer.
ls Displays info. about one or more files.
mail Used to receive or deliver e-mail.
mkdir Creates a new directory.
more Displays a long file so that the user
can scroll through it.
mv Used to move or rename files.
nroff Used to format text.
ps Display a process's status.
pwd Display the name of the working directory.
rm Removes one or more files.
rmdir Deletes one or more directories.
sleep Causes a process to become inactive for a
specified length of time.
sort Sort and merge one or more files.
spell Finds spelling errors in a file.
split Divides a file.
stty Display or set terminal parameters.
tail Displays the end of a file.
troff Outputs formatted output to a typesetter.
tset Sets the terminal type.
umask Allows the user to specify a new creation
mask.
uniq Compares 2 files. Finds and displays lines
in one file that are unique.
uucp UNIX-to-UNIX execute.
vi Full screen editor.
wc Displays details in the file size.
who Information on who else is online.
write Used to send a message to another user.
awk program filenames
awk -f programfilenames filenames
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
The [awk] utility can be used to find any lines in a file which
match a certain pattern; once found, these lines can be processed.
In the first configuration, the program that [awk] is to
execute is specified in the command line. In the second,
the program is stored as the file given in programfilename.
The -f option instructs [awk] to read this file.
[bdiff] is used to compare files too large for [diff]. See
[diff] for the format.
bfs filename
~~~~~~~~~~~~
[bfs] is used to scan a large file to determine where to split
it into smaller files.
cal 01-12 (month) 0-9999 (year)
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
[cal] utility can be used to display a calendar of any year
from 0 to 9999 AD, and any or all of the twelve months.
cat filename
~~~~~~~~~~~~
[cat] can be used to examine a short file. See [more] for
lengthier files.
number[cc]
~~~~~~~~~~
The [cc] command changes the entire current line, or a group
of lines starting with the current line. [number] represents
the number of old lines to be deleted.
cd directory name
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
The [cd] command causes the current working directory to be
changed. The [directory name] can be either a full or partial
path name.
chgrp groupname filename
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
This command changes the group ownership of a file.
chmod {ugoa} {+-} {rwx}
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
The [chmod] utility changes a file's access permissions. [u]
specifies the user or owner's login name, [g] specifies a group
and [o] indicates all others. [a] indicates the user, group,
and all others; it's the default. [+] adds permission; [-]
deletes it. [r] indicates read, [w] write, and [x] execute.
chown individualname filename
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
[chown] changes the individual ownership of a file (see chgrp).
cmp filename1 filename2
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
[cmp] is one of the four principle UNIX file comparison utilities.
It compares 2 files, and returns the positions where they differ.
comm -options filename1 filename2
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
The [comm] utility, in comparing two files, produces three
columns of output. The first contains lines unique to the
first file, the second, lines unique to the second, and the
third column, lines common to both files. By placing the
numbers [1], [2], and/or [3] in the [options] position, any
one (or more) of these columns can be suppressed.
cp sendingfile receivingfile
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
The [cp] command copies a file. [sendingfile] is the file to be
copied, [receivingfile] is the file to which it is copied.
diff [options] filename1 filename2
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Again, a file comparison utility. However, with [diff], the
differences are displayed as instructions that can be used
to edit the files so that they are identical.
diff3 filename1 filename2 filename3
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Similar to [diff], [diff3] is unique in that it can compare
three files. Gee.
ed filename
~~~~~~~~~~~
One of the UNIX's three editing utilities, [ed] is a basic line
editor. I'm sure there are other files that will explain how
to use [ed]. Thus, I'll confine myself to a rough outline:
e filename ........... edit a different file
f filename ........... changes the currently specified file.
h .................... provides explanation of errors.
I
text ................. inserts text before the current line.
line,linel ........... lists the specified lines.
line,linen ........... displays specified lines, preceded by
their line numbers.
q .................... exit from [ed]
w .................... writes buffer to current filename.
+ or - ............... +number of lines closer to end
~r filename ........ places file in body of message (keen command)
Reading One's Own Mail:
h number or range ....... causes specified headers to be displayed
p message # ............. displays entire message
d number or range ....... deletes specified messages
u number or range ....... undelete specified mail during SAME
mail session (messages removed after q)
q ....................... leave the post office
mkdir directoryname
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
[mkdir] allows creation of a subdirectory, for your dining
enjoyment.
more filename
~~~~~~~~~~~~~
For longer files, [more] is a convenient utility. It will display
the first screen of file data and then stop, allowing the user
to control scrolling henceforth.
mv oldfilename newfilename
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
The [mv] utility can be used simply to rename a file, or...
mv filea fileb... directory
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
[mv] can also be used to move files to a new directory, provided
the directory exists, and you have write access to it.
ps -options
~~~~~~~~~~~
The [ps] command, by itself, displays the status of each active
process controlled by your terminal. This status report includes
the Process Identification Number (PID), the terminal (TTY), the
time the process has been executing (TIME), and the command line
used to execute the process (CMD).
[ps]'s three options include -a (displays info. on active processes
controlled by any terminal), -x (info. on ALL active processes), and
-l (an extensive status report on all active processes).
pwd
~~~
[pwd] command displays the present working directory.
rm filename
~~~~~~~~~~~
[rm] removes a file. More than one file can be specified.
rmdir directoryname
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
This utility removes a directory, an EMPTY directory (save the
hidden files).
sleep seconds
~~~~~~~~~~~~~
The [sleep] utility causes a process to become inactive for a
certain period of time. Max. seconds is 65,536 (about 18 hrs).
sort -options filenames
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
[sort] merges and sorts files. Without options, [sort] orders
files by the ASCII codes of the characters at the beginning
of each line. Options include -b (leading blanks ignored), -d
(only letters, digs, and blanks considered; "dictionary sort"),
-f (case ignored), -n (numerical sort [for numerical data]), and
-r (a reverse sort).
split -size original resulting
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
[split] divides a large file into smaller ones. [size] refers to
the number of lines the resulting files contain, [original] is
the name of the orig. file, and [resulting] represents the
prefix name assigned to the newly created files.
umask ugo
~~~~~~~~~
[umask] changes the file CREATION mask (see [chmod] for already
existing files). Here, [u] represents the owner's access
permission, [g] the group's a.p., and [o] the a.p. for all others.
[uucp] (UNIX to UNIX copy) can be used to send files to a
remote UNIX, or retrieve files from the remote system.
Other UNIX comm commands include [cu] (which establishes contact
with another system), and [uux] (UNIX to UNIX execute; allows
commands to be executed on a remote system).
wc -options filenames
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
The [wc] utility displays file-size information. This includes
the number of lines, words, and characters. By chosing the
-l, -w, or -c options, the information can be limited to only
line, word, or character number.
who
~~~
A very useful command (which some systems respond to even before
a user is actually logged on), [who] displays a list of users
currently online. This list includes the user's name, terminal
device # (tty), and the log-in time. [who am i] displays info.
only on the user who executed the command.
Chapter 3 - Default Unix Logins
login: Password:
root root,system,etc..
sys sys,system
daemon daemon
uucp uucp
tty tty
test test
unix unix
bin bin
adm adm
who who
learn learn
uuhost uuhost
nuucp nuucp
guest unpassworded
Chapter 4 - Getting the Passwords
One of the first things done on the system is print up or capture (in a buffer) the file containing all user names and accounts. This can be done by issuing the following command:
cat /etc/passwd
If you are successful you will a list of all accounts on the system. It should look like this:
root:hvnsdcf:0:0:root dir:/:
joe:majdnfd:1:1:Joe Cool:/bin:/bin/joe
hal::1:2:Hal Smith:/bin:/bin/hal
The "root" line tells the following info :
login name=root
hvnsdcf = encrypted password
0 = user group number
0 = user number
root dir = name of user
/ = root directory
In the Joe login, the last part "/bin/joe " tells us which directory is his home directory (joe) is.
In the "hal" example the login name is followed by 2 colons, that means that there is no password needed to get in using his name.
Chapter 5 - Sending Anonymous E-mail
Get into the normal unix shell and type telnet. That should bring up the following prompt:
telnet>
type "open localhost 25". It should bring up a whole bunch of garbage, then type
"mail". You will get more garbage. Ignore it and type "send to:xxxxx@xxxxx.xxx (whoever you want to send to)"
type "rcpt to:xxxx@xxx.xxx (whoever you want the mail to appear from)". Now type the message by typing "data", and then the message you want to send. End it with a "." on a new line.
It will fool the average user, but will cause suspition with sysops, etc.
